![]() She previously served as Co-Chair for the United Nations – Indigenous Peoples’ Partnership Policy Board, with a dedicated mission to implement the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. In 2010 and again in 2016 she was elected by her tribe’s General Council as Chief Justice. In 2003 she was appointed to her tribe’s Supreme Court, becoming the first woman and youngest Justice of the Supreme Court of the Citizen Potawatomi Nation of Oklahoma. She then worked as a litigator at Quinn Emanuel in Los Angeles, specializing in intellectual property litigation. Kern of the Northern District of Oklahoma. Professor Riley began her career clerking for Chief Judge T. She received her undergraduate degree at the University of Oklahoma and her law degree from Harvard Law School. Her work has been published in the nation’s leading legal journals, including the Yale Law Journal, Stanford Law Review, Columbia Law Review, California Law Review, Georgetown Law Journal and numerous others. Professor Riley’s research focuses on Indigenous peoples’ rights, with a particular emphasis on cultural property and Native governance. joint degree program in Law and American Indian Studies and chairs the UCLA campus Repatriation Committee. Riley (Citizen Potawatomi Nation) is Professor of Law at UCLA School of Law and Director of UCLA’s Native Nations Law and Policy Center. Professor Ball wrote that subsequent Courts continued to consider Lone Wolf “viable and acceptable,” offering examples of affirmations of the finding given by Justices Thurgood Marshall, John Paul Stevens, and Harry Blackmun. This has always been recognized by the executive and by Congress, and by this Court, whenever the question has arisen.” From their very weakness and helplessness, so largely due to the course of dealing of the federal government with them and the treaties in which it has been promised, there arises the duty of protection, and with it the power. Because of the local ill feeling, the people of the states where they are found are often their deadliest enemies. They own no allegiance to the states, and receive from them no protection. They are communities dependent on the United States. These Indian tribes are the wards of the nation. Justice White gave as his rationale a citation from a previous case in which the Court argued: Congress has always exercised plenary authority over the tribal relations of the Indians and the power has always been deemed a political one not subject to be controlled by the courts.” Specifically, the Court found that a treaty “cannot be adjudged to materially limit and qualify the controlling authority of Congress in respect to the care and protection of the Indians. 1, 54, 1987) that “Congress is given power to violate treaties with Indian nations and to exercise control over Indian lands without basis or limit in law.” ![]() Ball in “Constitution, Court, Indian Tribes” (1987 Am. ![]() ![]() 553 (1903), Justice Edward White delivered the opinion of the unanimous court in which it found, as summarized by the late legal scholar Milner S. Lone Wolf and the tribes then appealed to the Supreme Court. The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit affirmed the decision. Lone Wolf, a Kiowa Indian chief, filed a complaint on behalf of the tribes in the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, alleging that Congress’s change violated the 1867 treaty. The KCA Indians were now less than ten percent of the total population, but soon found that even what was left to them was being overrun by trespassers and squatters who “adamantly believed that they were entitled to stake out mineral rights.” They also noted that “issionaries on the former reservation, now called the KCA Jurisdiction, lamented the high crime rates, drunkenness, unsanitary conditions, and diseases in rag towns.” On August 6, 1901, with the official opening of the former Kiowa-Comanche-Apache (Plains Apache) Reservation (KCA), holders of the “lucky numbers” swept across the prairies in a mad rush to claim homesteads, as the Oklahoma History Center reports. This opened some 2 million acres of reservation lands to settlement by non-Indians. The “surplus” lands left after the allotment were to be sold to whites, and the Kiowa and Comanche were to receive about one dollar per acre for these lands. Those who accepted the allotments were also given American citizenship. In 1900, without Native American consent, Congress passed an Allotment Act based on an 1892 agreement that divided the Kiowa-Comanche lands into 160-acre allotments to offer to the Native Americans.
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